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Hypercementosis is an overproduction of cementum on the tooth root, resulting in excessive cementum formation with bulbous enlargement along the root surface. This description captures the key change: cementum thickening around the root, which is a cemental alteration rather than a change in the pulp or dentin. On radiographs, you’d often still see the periodontal ligament space, helping distinguish it from conditions like ankylosis where that space is lost. The other descriptions point to different tissues or processes—pulp chamber elongation refers to internal tooth anatomy of the pulp, dentin hypersensitivity involves exposed dentin tubules, and reduced cementum deposition is the opposite of what hypercementosis describes.